Kamikaze
   Images

	Kamikaze pilots write their thanks to ground crew supporting their planes

Photo Credits

Based on research and discussions, I believe that most wartime photos related to special attack forces are in the public domain. This excludes certain photos in recently published books under copyright if the photos have not previously been made public.

This page tries to list as accurately as possible the sources of photos used on this web site. The photos in the public domain posted on the web sites of the U.S. Navy's Naval Historical Center and NavSource have been valuable sources.

Many photos on this web site are not listed on this Photo Credits page. These include personal photos (primarily in sections on Museums, 2004 Japan Trip, and Monuments) and images of works being reviewed (primarily in sections on Books and Films).

The Acknowledgments page lists the many organizations and people who have provided permission for use of photos on this site.

If anyone believes that I have used any photo without proper credit and permission, please contact Bill Gordon at wgordon@wesleyan.edu. I will change the credit or remove the photo based on the information provided to me.

Numbers are shown below for some web pages with multiple photos. These numbers represent photo locations on a page, from left to right and from top to bottom.

HOME: 1 - National Archives, 2 - Asahi Shimbun

About Project: U.S. Navy

• Site Design: U.S. Naval Institute
• Technology Use: USS LSM / LSMR Association
• Kamikaze Images and Friendship Dolls: 1 - Shintoku Kindergarten (Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture), 2 - Phoenix Museum of History and Yamakataya Department Store (Kagoshima City), 3 - Editors of Shig: The True Story of an American Kamikaze and Isako Imamura
• Photo Credits: Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots
• Translation Issues: Kaiten Memorial Museum
• Future Plans: NavSource (Bob Daly/PC-1181)

Background

• 47 Ships Sunk by Kamikaze Aircraft: 1, 2, 3 - NavSource
• Navy Kamikaze Air Bases: 2 - Bungei Shunju, Ningen bakudan to yobarete: Shougen - ouka tokkou (Called human bombs: Testimony - ohka special attacks), p. 111

American Views: 1 - U.S. Naval Historical Center

• Terrorism: U.S. Naval Historical Center

Japanese Views: 1 - Mainichi Shimbunsha

• Education: postcard without source information

Stories: Yuko Shirako

• A Cargo Doomed to Boom by John Laughton: Mark Cotton (HobbsHistory.com)
• Censored Suicide: 1 - Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies), p. 45, 2-4 - Yasukuni Jinja, ed., Sange no kokoro to chinkon no makoto (Spirits of heroic dead and devotion to repose of souls), 2 - p. 123, 3 - first page of photos in front of book, 4 - p. 124
• For Five Seconds, A Gunner: NavSource (Bill Strelko)
• Forever Grateful: Fred Mitchell
• Kamikaze Pilots Visit Ritsu Tsurumaru's Home: Iwamoto and Tsutomu, Chinkon -- shirakumo ni norete kimi kaerimase: Tokkou kichi daini kokubu no ki (Repose of souls -- riders of the white clouds, come back to us: Record of Special Attack Corps Kokubu No. 2 Air Base), p. 95
• Kamikaze, the Ultimate Sacrifice: Osuo, Tokubetsu kougeki tai no kiroku (rikugun hen) (Record of special attack corps (Army)), p. 122
• Little Italy to Okinawa: 1 - Joe Curgino and Roseann Viola
• May 28, 1945—Another Day of Infamy by Dr. Rex Davis: 1 - NavSource (John P. Warner, Jr.)
• My Personal History: Two Lives by Kaoru Hasegawa: 1 - p. 4; 2 - p. 17; 3 - p. 6; 4 - NavSource (Bill Gonyo); 5 - p. 20; 6 - Francillon, Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, p. 464
• Remembering Times Past from 34 Years Ago by Miyoji Kobayashi - Makino, ed., Ichioku nin no shouwa shi (Nihon no senshi 4): Tokubetsu kougekitai (Showa history of 100 million people (Japan's war history, Volume 4): Special Attack Corps), pp. 185-6
• Rescued Kamikaze Pilot Also Callaghan Survivor by Leo Jarboe: The Sunday Chronicle (Muskegon, Michigan), "Former enemies' questions answered," p. 5A
• 2007 USS Callaghan (DD-792) Reunion: 3 - U.S. Navy, 4 - Harriet Hadley and Gloria Diane Hummel (daughters of Harry Smitherman)
• 2007 USS Morrison (DD-560) Reunion: 4 - NavSource (Steve Harder)
• Who Sank the Destroyer Drexler?: 1 - Brown and Anteau, Historical Review: U.S.S. Drexler DD-741, 3rd ed. , p. 11 (U.S. Navy photo N7095)
  2-5 - Hara, Shinsou kamikaze tokkou: Hisshi hitchuu no 300 nichi (Kamikaze special attack facts: 300 days of certain-death, sure-hit attacks), pp. 250-1
  6-8 - Osuo, Tokubetsu kougeki tai no kiroku (rikugun hen) (Record of special attack corps (Army)), pp. 140-1
• Yoko's Hopes and Losses: Yuko Shirako

Books

• Personal Narratives: Editors of Shig: The True Story of an American Kamikaze and Isako Imamura
• Sakamaki, I Attacked Pearl Harbor: Burlingame, Advance Force Pearl Harbor, p. 64.
• Yokota and Harrington, Kamikaze Submarine: 2 - Kaiten Memorial Museum
• General
• Burlingame, Advance Force Pearl Harbor: 2 - p. 305
• Burt, Kamikaze Nightmare: 2 - U.S. Naval Historical Center
• Carruthers, Australia Under Siege: Japanese Submarine Raiders 1942: 2 - p. 108 (Cinesound Movietone Productions Pty. Ltd.)
• Grose, A Very Rude Awakening: 6th page of photos between pp. 148-9
• Hagoromo Society, The Cherry Blossom Squadrons: Born to Die: 2 - U.S. Navy
• Ishiguro and Januszewski, Japanese Special Attack Aircraft & Flying Bombs: 2 - p. 188
• Jenkins, Hitting Home: The Japanese Attack on Sydney 1942: 2 - p. 60 (Australian War Memorial No. Naval 1361)
• Naito, Thunder Gods: 2 - U.S. Navy
• Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships: Okinawa, 1945: 2 - p. 241
• Sholin, The Sacrificial Lambs: 2 - p. 185
• Spurr, A Glorious Way to Die: 2 - U.S. Naval Historical Center
• Streb, Life and Death Aboard the U.S.S. Essex: 2 - U.S. Navy
• Ship Histories: Streb, Life and Death Aboard the U.S.S. Essex, p. 26
• Andersen, Three Minutes Off Okinawa: 2 - p. vii (National Archives)
• Ball, Fighting Amphibs: The LCS(L) in World War II: 2 - p. 235, 3 - p. 234
• Becton, The Ship That Would Not Die: 2 - p. 10 of photos in middle section, 3 - p. 15 of photos in middle section
  • Diagram of Air Attack on Laffey: Becton, The Ship That Would Not Die, p. 245
• Billingsley, The Emmons Saga: A History of the USS Emmons (DD457-DMS22): 2 - p. 302
• Bonner and Bonner, USS Missouri at War: 2 - p. 62
• Burt, Kamikaze Nightmare: 2 - U.S. Naval Historical Center
• Bustin, Humble Heroes: How the USS Nashville CL43 Fought WWII - 2 - p. 150
• Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor: Life Aboard the USS Sterett, 1939-1945: 2 - p. 134, 3 - U.S. Naval Historical Center
• Charney, USS Ingraham DD694: 1944-1945: 2 - p. 165
• Cline, Escort Carrier WWII: War in the Pacific on the Aircraft Carrier USS Petrof Bay: 2 - National Archives
• Crew, Combat Loaded: Across the Pacific on the USS Tate: 2 - p. 40
• Fillmore, War History of USS Leutze (DD-481): 2 - p.147
• Foster, The Last Destroyer: The Story of the USS Callaghan: 2 - p. 194
• Graves, Men of Poseidon: Life at Sea Aboard the USS Rall: 2 - book cover
• Harmon, U.S.S. Cassin Young (DD-793): 2 - p. 32 (National Park Service)
• Harper, Too Close for Comfort: 2 - p. 58
• Jackson, Lucky Lady: The World War II Heroics of the USS Santa Fe and Franklin: 2 - p. 5 of photos in middle of book
• Kennedy, Danger's Hour: The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her: 2 - p. 376
• Lott, Brave Ship Brave Men: 2 - U.S. Naval Historical Center
  • Presidential Unit Citation to Aaron Ward: U.S. Navy
• Mair, Oil, Fire, and Fate: The Sinking of the USS Mississinewa (AO-59) in WWII by Japan's Secret Weapon: 2 - NavSource (Naval History Magazine, April 2003)
• Malott, "If We Save But One": Going to War with Jinrai Butai "The Kamikaze": 2 - p. 53
• Olson, Tales from a Tin Can: The USS Dale from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay: 2 - from inside photos between pp. 160-1 (U.S. Navy)
• Payne, H.M.A.S. Australia 1928-1955: 2 - p. 8 of photos in middle of book
• Phelan, Tin Can 367: 2 - p. 80, 3 - National Archives
• Rielly, Mighty Midgets At War: The Saga of the LCS(L) Ships from Iwo Jima to Vietnam: 2 - p. 177 (National Archives)
• Stillwell, Battleship Missouri: An Illustrated History: 2 - p. 38 (National Archives)
• Staton, The Fighting Bob: A Wartime History of the USS Robley D. Evans (DD-552)
  • Presidential Unit Citation to USS Evans: Staton, The Fighting Bob: A Wartime History of the USS Robley D. Evans (DD-552), p. 18
• Stern, Fire From the Sky: Surviving the Kamikaze Threat: 2 - p. 245
• Stone, "My Ship!" The U.S.S. Intrepid: 2 - p. 173
• Streb, Life and Death Aboard the U.S.S. Essex: 2 - U.S. Navy
• Sumrall, USS Kidd (DD-661): 2 - p. 65
• Surels, DD 522: Diary of a Destroyer: 2 - front of book
• White and Gandt, Intrepid: The Epic Story of America's Most Legendary Warship: 2 - National Archives
• Fiction
  • Kuwahara and Allred, Kamikaze
    • Ten Historical Discrepancies of Kamikaze by Kuwahara and Allred
      • Aerial Reconnaissance Photograph of Hiro: Yuko Shirako from Yamato Museum
• Related Topics
  • Eadon, ed., Kamikaze: The Story of the British Pacific Fleet: 2 - p. 302
  • Kemp, Underwater Warriors: 2 - 13th page of photos between pp. 64-5
  • Sakaida and Takaki, Genda's Blade: Japan's Squadron of Aces: 343 Kokutai: 2 - p. 72
  • Samples, Wings over Sakishima: 2 - p. 120
• Comics, Ripley's Believe It or Not! True War Stories - "The Last Kamikaze," June 1967, p. 9
• High Roads: 2 - October 2002, Issue 5, p. 16
• Hugault, The Final Flight: 2 - p. 7
• Kamikaze: 1946: 2 - August 2000, Issue 1, p. 16
• A Sailor's Story (1987) and A Sailor's Story, Book Two: Winds, Dreams, and Dragons (1989): 2 - Book Two, p. 48
• Star Spangled War Stories - I Was a Kamikaze Pilot!: 2 - p. 1 of "I Was a Kamikaze Pilot!"
• True Comics - Name to Remember: Winter 1945, Vol. 5, No. 46, 1 - p. 1, 2 - p. 5
• U.S.S. Stevens: Ride the Baka: Our Army at War No. 248, August 1972, 1 - p. 1, 2 - p. 3 of "U.S.S. Stevens: Ride the Baka"
• Wings Comics: August 1946, 2 - p. 7 of "Captain Wings," 3 - p. 3 of "Captain Wings," 4 - p. 4 of "Ghost Squadron"
• Japanese
• Aihoshi, Hana no toki wa kanashimi no toki (Flower season, a sad season): 2 - p. 47
• Akabane and Ishii, Hotaru kaeru (The firefly returns): 3 - one of photos in front part of book
• Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies): 2 - p. 1
• Den, Tokkoutai datta boku ga ima wakamono ni tsutaetai koto (What I as a former Special Attack Corps member would like to say to today's young people): 2 - p. 47.
• Dizon, Firipin shounen ga mita kamikaze: osanai kokoro ni kizamareta yasashii nihonjintachi (Kamikaze seen by Philippine youth: Kind Japanese individuals engraved in my young heart): 2 - p. 97, 3 - p. 273, 4 - p. 333
• 56th Shinyo Squadron Member Volunteers, Reiko Kimura, and Enosuke Kamida, Kaigun suijou tokkoutai: Shinyou (Navy surface special attack corps: Shinyo): 2 - p. 4
• Hayashi, Kuroshio no natsu: Saigou no shinyou tokkou (Kuroshio summer: Last shinyo special attack): 2 - p. 179, 3 - p. 157
• Hiroi, Hotaru ni natta tokkouhei: Miyakawa Saburo monogatari (Kamikaze pilot who turned into firefly: Story of Saburo Miyakawa): 2 - p. 29
• Horikoshi, Inochi narikeri: Tokkou yotabi seikan no ki (Even such is life: Account of returning alive four times from special attacks): 2- 2nd page of photos in front of book
• Jinno, Azusa tokubetsu kougekitai (Azusa special attack unit): 2 - 239 (U.S. Naval Historical Center), 3 - p. 8 (U.S. National Archives), 4 - p. 205, 5 - p. 165
  • Photo of Azusa Special Attack Unit: Jinno, Azusa tokubetsu kougekitai (Azusa special attack unit), p. 130
• Kachi, Senkan mizuuri ni totsunyuu shita reisen (Zero fighter that crashed into battleship Missouri): 2, 3 - p. 247
• Kosaka, Tokkoutaiin no inochi no koe ga kikoeru (Hearing the voices of lives of special attack corps members): 2 - p. 97
• Minaminippon Living Shinbunsha, Zerosen ni kaketa otoko (Man who soared in Zero fighter): 2 - p. 105
• Nakata, Tokkoubana (Tokko Flowers): 2 - p. 25
• Nakata, "Tokkoubana" tte shitteru? (Do you know about "tokko flowers"?): 2 - p. 7
• Nikaido, Umi no bohyou (Grave markers at sea): 2 - p. 62
• Sato, Tokkou no machi: Chiran (Special attack corps town: Chiran): 2 - p. 9
• Usami, Ningen gyorai kaiten: Chinkon su tokkou jidai (Kaiten human torpedo: Time of singing requiems for special attacks): 2 - p. 89
• Yasujima, Tokkou hyouryuu (Special attack drift): 2 - p. 90, 3 - p. 36
• Children's Books
• Gakken, ed., Heiwa e no omoi (Thoughts toward peace): 2 - p. 52, 3 - p. 66
• Imanishi, Sumirejima (Violet Island)
• Sumirejima (Violet Island) - English Translation: 1, 2, 3 - Imanishi, Sumirejima (Violet Island), pp. 12, 16, 25
• Nakagawa, Senkan Yamato ga shizunda hi (Day that Battleship Yamato Sank): 2 - p. 109
• Shimahara, Umi ni kieta 56nin (56 men who disappeared into the sea): 2 - p. 49
• Yasunobu, Kamikaze tokkoutai (Kamikaze special attack corps): 2 - p. 128
• Yazaki, Sensei no piano ga utta (The teacher's piano sang): 2 - p. 133
• Manga: Iga et al., Tokkou: The Spirit of Kamikaze, p. 30
• "Aa Ioutou" "Ningen gyorai kaiten" ("Ah, Iwo Jima" "Kaiten human torpedo"): 2 - p. 176
• Aa tokkou: Chiran, Kanoya ni saita wakazakura (Ah, special attacks: Young cherry blossoms that bloomed in Chiran and Kanoya) - 2 - p. 170
• Jitsuroku: Kamikaze tokubetsu kougekitai, kanzenban (Authentic accounts: Kamikaze Special Attack Corps, unabridged edition): 2 - p. 57, 3 - p. 205, 4 - p. 280
• Sensouron (On war): 2 - p. 83
• Tokkou no shima 1 (The isle of tokkou 1): 2 - p. 70
• Tokkou no shima 2 (The isle of tokkou 2): 2 - p. 85
• Tokkou no shima 3 (The isle of tokkou 3): 2 - p. 154

Films: DVD cover of Hotaru (Firefly)

• Japanese: video cover of Gekkou no Natsu (Summer of the Moonlight Sonata)
• Matsuo Keiu to sono haha (Keiu Matsuo and his mother): 2 - Lind, Toku-Tai: Japanese Submarine Operations in Australian Waters, on 9th page of photos between p. 80 and p. 81
• Nijuuroku ya mairi (A Moon Twenty-six Days Old): Rev. C.H. Cooper (from film)
• Ningen no Tsubasa (Wings of a Man): 1 - Aya Koda; 5, 6 - Eiga "Ningen no Tsubasa" o Tsukuru Kai (Committee to Make Wings of a Man), ed., Ningen no Tsubasa (Wings of a Man), pp. 1, 7
• Lists: U.S. Navy

Museums: 2 - Kaiten Memorial Museum, 3 - Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots

• Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots: 1, 2 - Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots
• Etajima Museum of Naval History: Etajima Museum of Naval History
• Hotaru Museum: 2 - Hotaru Museum
• The Cat and the Soldier: Akabane and Ishii, Hotaru kaeru (The firefly returns), front of book
• Cherry Blossoms of Same Class: Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies), p. 116
• "I'll Give You My Years": Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies), p. 20
• Last Family Photo: Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies), p. 80
• Never Seeing His Child: Chiran Tokkou Irei Kenshou Kai (Chiran Special Attack Memorial Society), ed., Konpaku no kiroku: Kyuu rikugun tokubetsu kougekitai chiran kichi (Record of departed spirits: Former Army Special Attack Corps Chiran Base), p. 125
• With His Shakuhachi: Akabane and Ishii, Hotaru kaeru (The firefly returns), front of book
• Kaiten Memorial Museum: 1 - Kaiten Memorial Museum
• Yamato Museum: 1, 3 - Rev. C.H. Cooper
• Yasukuni Jinja Yushukan: 1, 2 - Yasukuni Jinja Yushukan
• US Museums
  • Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum: 3 - National Archives

Monuments

• Izumi Special Attack Monument: 1 - Senri Nagasue
• Kamikaze Peace Kannon Temple (Chiran): Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots
• Kamikaze Pilot Statue (Mabalacat): 1, 2, 5 - Fumiko Hattori
• Kashiwajima Special Attack Shinyo Base Monument: 3 - Kuroshio no natsu: Saigou no shinyou tokkou (Kuroshio summer: Last shinyo special attack), p. 113
• Kokubu No. 2 Air Base Special Attack Corps Monument (Barrel Valley): 2 - Fumiko Hattori
• Mabalacat West Airfield Monument: 3 - Fumiko Hattori
• Matsuo Monument (Kikuchi Jinja): 3 - Pamphlet entitled Matsuo Keiu published in 2011 by Yamaga City Board of Education, Education Department, Culture Section.
• Ozuki Air Base Peace Monument: Yuko Shirako
• Usa Special Attack Monument: Yuko Shirako

Internet: Senri Nagasue

• Air Group 4 - "Casablanca to Tokyo": National Archives
• Aozora no hateni (To the blue sky's end): Senri Nagasue
• Kaiten Tokkoutai (Kaiten Special Attack Corps): Kaiten Memorial Museum
• Kamikaze: U.S. Naval Institute
• Tokkou (Special Attack Forces): Asahi Shimbun
• Message Boards: U.S. Navy

Writings

• Corporal Nobuo Aihana: Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies), p. 101.
• Second Lieutenant Haruo Araki: Chiran Tokkou Irei Kenshou Kai (Chiran Special Attack Memorial Society), ed., Konpaku no kiroku: Kyuu rikugun tokubetsu kougekitai chiran kichi (Record of departed spirits: Former Army Special Attack Corps Chiran Base), p. 12
• Corporal Yukio Araki: Mori, Yuki wa juunanasai tokkou de shinda (Yuki died at 17 in a kamikaze attack), front of book
• Flight Petty Officer 2nd Class Nobutaka Inoue: Iwamoto and Tsutomu, Chinkon -- shirakumo ni norete kimi kaerimase: Tokkou kichi daini kokubu no ki (Repose of souls -- riders of the white clouds, come back to us: Record of Special Attack Corps Kokubu No. 2 Air Base), p. 90
• Flight Petty Officer 2nd Class Seiichi Kosaku: Iwamoto and Tsutomu, Chinkon -- shirakumo ni norete kimi kaerimase: Tokkou kichi daini kokubu no ki (Repose of souls -- riders of the white clouds, come back to us: Record of Special Attack Corps Kokubu No. 2 Air Base), p. 118
• Captain Masanobu Kuno: 1, 2 - Asahi Shimbun Seibu Honsha, Sora no kanata ni (To distant skies), pp. 96, 98
• Lieutenant Junior Grade Seiichi Maebashi - Iwamoto and Tsutomu, Chinkon -- shirakumo ni norete kimi kaerimase: Tokkou kichi daini kokubu no ki (Repose of souls -- riders of the white clouds, come back to us: Record of Special Attack Corps Kokubu No. 2 Air Base), p. 122
• Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa: Susaki, Kamikaze no shinjitsu: Tokkoutai wa tero dewa nai (Kamikaze truth: Special attack corps is not terror), p. 167
• Lieutenant Sanehisa Uemura: Yasukuni Jinja
• Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki: Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941-1945, one of photos between p. 380 and p. 381 
• Second Lieutenant Miosaburo Yamamoto: Yuko Shirako
• Books
• Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941-1945: 2 - one of photos between p. 380 and p. 381
• The Mind of the Kamikaze: 2 - p. 35

Other Forms

• Chiran Speech Contest: Chiran Speech Contest Committee
• Adult Division: Chiran Speech Contest Committee
• High School Division: Chiran Speech Contest Committee
• Translated Speeches: Chiran Speech Contest Committee
• Monuments
• Izumi Special Attack Monument: 1 - Senri Nagasue
• Kamikaze Peace Kannon Temple (Chiran): Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots
• Miyakonojo Hayate Special Attack Shinbu Corps Monument: Yuko Shirako
• Ozuki Air Base Peace Monument: Yuko Shirako
• Statue of a Mother (Chiran): Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots
• Usa Special Attack Monument: Yuko Shirako
• Tokkobana (Kamikaze Flower): 1 - Rev. C.H. Cooper, 2 - Kanoya Naval Air Base Museum
• Tokkou no haha (Kamikaze mother): Aihoshi, Hana no toki wa kanashimi no toki: Chiran tokkou obasan Torihama Tome monogatari (Flower season, a sad season: Story of Tome Torihama, mother of Chiran's kamikaze pilots), p. 151
• Tokkou obasan arigatou (Tokko mother, thank you): Aihoshi, Hana no toki wa kanashimi no toki: Chiran tokkou obasan Torihama Tome monogatari (Flower season, a sad season: Story of Tome Torihama, mother of Chiran's kamikaze pilots), p. 2

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